What is Geodesy, the Geoid, and the Ellipsoid?

What does the acronym 'WGS-84' stand for, and what does it represent?

How are Geodesy, Surveying, Cartogaphy and GIS linked?

What is a standard parallel?

What is a Central Meridian?

What is 'Grid North', and where does it correspond to 'True North'?

What does UTM stand for, and what does it represent?

What kind of projection is represented by the following parameters? What are the parameters?
Clarke 1866 ellipsoid a=6, 378,206.4 (equatorial radius) e=0.006768658 (eccentricity squared)
Standard parallels 49 degrees N latitude 77 degrees N latitude
Origin 92 degrees W longitude, 0 degrees N latitude; Central Meridian 92 degrees W longitude
False Easting 1,000,000 metres