-then see if how one represents problems, and how one searches for solutions within those representations

-find differences in both cases

-De Groot

-depth versus breadth search
depth=choose an operator, enumerate in depth the consequences of that operator
breadth=generate a set of operators, select an operator that seems best brings one closer to goal; often this is the similarity heuristic)

however: experts chose better moves (ie had a higher probability of leading to a win)

chunking evidence

suggests a production like system is in place with experts
-organize the board into configurations

-find that search patterns differ

consider given a geometry problem

-novices use a backward search much like means-end analysis
-experts generate knowledge from the givens (initial knowledge state), even if they don't know exactly how they will use or need this information (forward search)

representational differences;

give a set of problems and ask participants to sort into categories (how alike)
-novices sort on superficial characteristics (ie all problems involving inclines)
whereas experts sort on the basis of underlying principles, despite differences in appearances (ie sort into one pile, all those dealing with the third law of motion)

Bill has a collection of 20 coins that consists entirely on dimes and quarters. If the collection is worth $4.10. How many of each kind of coin are in the collection

A farmer is counting the hens and rabbits in his barnyard. He counts 6 coops with 4 hens in each, 2 coops with 3 hens in each, 5 cages with 6 rabbits in each and 3 cages with 4 rabbits in each. How many hens and how many rabbits does the farmer have

Stages?
-preparation
-incubation
-illumination
-verification

Archival Research

Personality Differences

Cognitive Differences