Observational Research Methods 1. Introduction 2. Example study : Rosenhan (1973) 3. Classification of research designs 4. Methods of recording behavior 5. Measurement scales 6. Sampling procedures 7. Methodological problems
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Observational Research Designs NATURALISTIC OBSERVATION example: LaFrance and Mayo (1976) UNDISGUISED PARTICIPANT OBSERVATION example: Kirkham (1975) DISGUISED PARTICIPANT OBSERVATION example: Rosenhan (1973) STRUCTURED OBSERVATION example: Piaget FIELD EXPERIMENTS example: Crusco and Wetzel (1984)
METHODS OF RECORDING BEHAVIOR IN OBSERVATIONAL RESEARCH PREDEFINED NARRATIVE VARIABLES METHODS CATEGORICAL CONTINUOUS VARIABLES VARIABLES
MEASUREMENT SCALES NOMINAL ORDINAL INTERVAL RATIO
SAMPLING PROCEDURES IN OBSERVATIONAL RESEARCH BEHAVIOR SITUATION SAMPLING SAMPLING TIME EVENT SAMPLING SAMPLING
PROBLEMS IN OBSERVATIONAL RESEARCH 1. INTEROBSERVER RELIABILITY 2. REACTIVITY 3. OBSERVER BIAS 4. ETHICS 5. EXTERNAL VALIDITY 6. INTERNAL VALIDITY
What causes pellegra? Observational data: Poverty Raw Sewage Bad Diet Pellegra Alternative causal models: Prevailing theory Goldberger theory BAD SEWAGE BAD DIET BACTERIA LACK OF PROTEIN PELLEGRA PELLEGRA
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